Beta amyloid plaques and Neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein Pathology are prime suspects of neuronal cell death in Alzheimer’s it caused by accumulation of abnormally folded A-beta and tau proteins  and Plaques of small peptides 39–43 amino acids to  form Beta-amyloid which comprises amyloid precursor protein (APP) and a transmembrane protein that pierce the neuron's membrane. It later forms a fibrils of amyloid protein clump which get deposited in neurons to form a dense senile plaques, amyloid fibrils disrupts the cell’s calcium ions homeostasis and induces apoptosis of neurons which results in neurodegeneration affecting brain functioning.

More than 400 clinical trials are presently looking at new treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and many of them are actively recruiting. Many of the researches are based on decreasing the toxic effects of amyloid-beta in the brain, targeting amyloid production, blocking the accumulation of amyloid-beta into plaques, Aiming at Tau, Improving Cognition with Serotonin and Dietary Supplements.

Vascular dementia is the wider term for dementia associated with brain damage from impaired blood flow to the brain. The various types of dementia are Single-infarct, Multi-infarct dementia, Subcortical vascular dementia(Binswanger's disease), and Mixed dementia. Its clinical symptoms are Problems with planning or organising, concentrating, including short periods of sudden confusion and Memory, language and visuospatial skills also get affected.

Anyone can be affected by Vascular dementia, but several factors increase the risk. These include: High blood pressure, Smoking, Diabetes, High cholesterol, History of mild warning strokes, Evidence of disease in arteries elsewhere and Heart rhythm abnormalities, while no remedy can reverse the damage that has already been occurred, treatment to prevent extra strokes may be very essential.

Gerontology is scientific study of aging process and concerned with physical, mental, and social aspects and implications of aging. The field of gerontology is actually quite broader, containing many professionals who focus on different aspects of aging and development. Whereas it could be considered one large area, it actually consists of many minor fields all working together with a united focus on middle-aged and older adults.

Gerontologists include practitioners and researchers in the areas fields of nursing, medicine, criminology, biology, social work, physical and occupational therapy, psychology,  sociology, psychiatry, dentistry, economics, political science, architecture,  geography, pharmacy, public health, housing, and anthropology. There are several theories of aging includes Wear and tear theories, Genetic theories, General imbalance theories, Accumulation theories, free radical theory of aging, DNA damage theory of aging, Social theories of aging and Life course theory but none has been accepted.

 Geriatric health care practice also known as "elder care health management, it is a process of planning and coordinating care of the old aged individuals and others with physical and/or mental abilities to meet their long term care needs, enhance their quality of life, and carried their independence for as long as possible. It involves in working with persons of old age and their families in managing, rendering and furnishing various types of health and social care services.

Awareness is attention plus working memory, it isn't always distinctive to humans, many animals display the traits of awareness, it's miles something that appears to have developed often in many lineages. And Awareness has a quite specific definition it's the capability of selecting particular aspects of the environment, and to be able cognitively to control these aspects over a more prolonged timescale than regular cognitive processing. Neural systems that controls and regulate to attenuate awareness in humans whose central and peripheral nervous system provides more instructions than cognitive sites in the brain can assimilate.

Cognitive neuroscience is scientific study of neural mechanisms which connects cognitive psychology, neurobiology, neurology, mathematics, physics, linguistics, philosophy and computer science, as well as artificial intelligence, which includes psychophysical experiments, electrophysiological studies of neural systems, functional neuroimaging, and increasingly  cognitive genomics and behavioural genetics.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) entails the study of cognitive phenomena in machines one of the realistic desires of artificial intelligence is to put aspects of human intelligence in computer systems. Computer systems are also broadly used as a tool with which to take a look at cognitive phenomena. Computational modelling uses simulations to have a look at how human intelligence may be structured.

 Neurodegeneration marked by gradual loss of neuronal structure and its functions, including death of neurons, The most common neurodegenerative diseases are Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Degenerative nerve diseases have an effect on many of your body's activities, which includes balance, movement, talking, respiration, and coronary heart function, many of these diseases are genetic, sometimes the reason is a scientific condition which include alcoholism, a tumor, or a stroke, other reasons can also include pollution, chemicals, and viruses, sometimes the purpose is not known. Degenerative nerve diseases include are Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia, Huntington's disease, Lewy body disease, Parkinson's disease and Spinal muscular atrophy

Many neurodegenerative diseases are due to genetic mutations for example the gene CAG encodes for the amino acid glutamine which get mutated to produce repetition of the CAG nucleotide triplet results polyglutamine (polyQ) tract known as polyglutamine diseases. The major examples of neurodegenerative diseases are spinocerebellar ataxias and Huntington's disease.

Memory Disorders is a collective term marked by damage or injury of neuroanatomical structures that affects the storage, retention and memory recall process of brain, The major causes for memory impairment are Brain strokes, High blood pressure, Medications, Diabetes, Brain trauma or head injury and nutritional deficiencies.

A various types of diseases in which memory storage get halted are Alzheimer's Disease, Corticobasal Degeneration, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, Huntington's Disease, Lewy Body Dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Vascular Dementia

 Neuro-immunology is a vast branch of science that combines the nervous system and immune system together. This field assist in regulating thermogenesis, behavior, sleep, and mood which can be tormented by pro-inflammatory cytokines released by means of activated macrophages and monocytes throughout infection. Neuroinflammation and neuroimmune activation were shown to play a role in the etiology of a variety of neurological problems which includes stroke, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, pain, and AIDS-related dementia, however  cytokines and chemokines also modulate CNS function in the absence of overt immunological, physiological, or mental challenges.

Movement disorders refers to a group of nervous system characterized of movement disorders are clinical syndromes with both an excess of motion or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary actions. Individuals with a motion disorder suffer from a breakdown in the normal flow of neurological messages and this results in involuntary muscle motion. Common types of movement disorders are Ataxia, Cervical dystonia, Chorea, Dystonia, Functional movement disorder, Multiple system atrophy, Myoclonus, Progressive supranuclear palsy, Restless legs syndrome, Tardive dyskinesia, Tourette syndrome, Tremor and Wilson's disease.

Neuroinfectious Disease is an infection of nervous system that covers Brain and Spinal cord. The causative agents for neuroinfections  may be Bacteria, fungi, viruses, proins and occasionally protozoa or parasites, infection of brain results in inflammation like encephalitis, meningitis, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, HIV-associated neurodegeneration, Neurosarcoidosis, HTLV 1 myelopathy hereditary spastic paraparesis and Transverse myelitis.

Symptoms of bacterial or fungal central nervous system infections may include: Severe headache, Back pain, Stiff neck, Confusion, Weakness, Fever, Seizures and Paralysis whereas viral central nervous system  Symptoms Fever Irritability, Not wanting to eat, High-pitched cry, Head and neck pain and Seizures.

Neurology is a branch of science that deals with neurological disorders, diagnosis and treatment of conditions and illness of nervous system. Neurological learning is heavily based on the area of neurobiology, it involves the central and peripheral nervous systems  consisting of their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, inclusive of muscle, Neurological exercise relies closely on the field of neuroscience, that is the medical study of the nervous system.

Neurosurgery is a completely tough surgical specialty wherein strategies and technologies are constantly growing. Minimally-invasive approaches the use of surgical microscopes and endoscopes are increasingly used which achieve similar or better consequences than open surgical operation. The benefits to the patient include much less ache, quicker get better time and minimal scarring.

The main types of illness neurosurgeons treats are: Tumours of the brain, spine and skull, trauma to the head and spinal cord degenerative spinal conditions and prolapsed discs, cerebral (brain) aneurysms and strokes, epilepsy, infections, movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease , certain psychiatric disorders, congenital conditions such as spina bifida, conditions that affect cerebro-spinal fluid flow such as hydrocephalus, pituitary tumours and neuroendocrine disorders.

 Biomarkers in neurology are an indicator assist in evaluating physiological, pathological or pharmacological affect to a therapeutic intervention. For example Alzheimer's disease biomarkers used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease are neurochemical indicators,

It been said that the beta-amyloid biomarker shows 80% or above specificity, in evaluating AD from dementia. It is believed that it acts as a biomarker will present a future for diagnosis of AD and eventually treatment of AD. Current biomarkers for Alzheimer’s are BACE1, Soluble Aβ precursor protein (sAPP) and Autoantibodies, apart from this neuroimaging like MRI, PET, SPECT, CT and others are used to asses Alzheimer’s, dementias and normal brain aging.

Neuro ophthalmology is a branch that deals with ophthalmic conditions and diseases with neurological problems and different optic nerve disorders. It combines Ophthalmology, Neurology, an radiology together. Neuro-ophthalmology is usually non-procedural, but neuro-ophthalmologists are well expertise to perform eye muscle surgical treatment to treat adult strabismus, optic nerve fenestration for idiopathic intracranial high blood pressure, and botulinum injections for blepharospasm or hemi facial spasm. The General signs of Optic Nerve Dysfunction include: Reduced visual activity all of a sudden, Diplopia and nystagmus, Optic neuritis  and Photophobia and Anisocoria.

Health nursing is a well experienced and qualified nurse in mental health that cares for people of all ages with mental conditions like schizophrenia, psychosis, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, dementia, and many more. Mental health nurses, especially CPNs, are involved in counselling, which can range from casual chats through to based, one-to-one psychotherapy sessions.

The major duty of a psychiatric nurse is to maintain a healthy and positive therapeutic relationship with patients and direct communication is necessary for developing it.

Neuro-oncology deals with the study of brain and spinal cord tumours, which is usually life threatening. The most common causes of tumours are environmental toxins, genetics, stress, diet, local trauma or injury and inflammation or infection. Types include malignant tumour and benign tumours. The most common symptom is Headaches as result of intracranial pressure an early symptom of brain it get worsened by Valsalva maneuver causing awakening from sleep which is quite different than migraine. In tumours BBB get disrupted, once there is a disruption of the BBB it can be detected by MRI and CT is considered as a main indicator for diagnosis of tumours like meningioma’s, malignant gliomas and brain metastases.

Neuropharmacology is the study of drug actions on nervous system, mainly deals in developing the compounds for human’s benefits with psychiatric and neurological disease. Behavioural neuropharmacology focuses on the examine of how drugs have an effect on human behavior (neuropsychopharmacology), along with the study of how drug dependence and addiction affect the human brain. In depth it represents the neural mechanism and interactions of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, enzymes, second messengers, neuropeptides, necrohormones, co-transporters, ion channels, and receptor proteins in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This interactions study provides an idea which help in developing new treatment and approaches to treat various neurological diseases.

Neurobiochemistry Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals which consist of neuromessenger, and other molecules such as psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides, that effect the function of neurons by operating of neurons, synapses and neural networks. Neurochemists examine biochemistry and molecular biology of organic compounds in the brain and their functions in neural processes as brain plasticity, neurogenesis, and neural differentiation.

Mood disorders are a set of illnesses that presents a serious change in mood. The major categories are Depression and Bipolar disorders. The subject may experience euphoric, mania, hyperactive, over inflated ego, persistent depressive disorder and seasonal depressive disorders. The Psychiatric Disorders and Mood Disorders is interlinked in its nature it means that the subject with psychiatric disorders has a chance of developing Depression. The other mood disorders are Cyclothymic disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and Depression induced by substance use or medication.

A stroke or cerebrovascular accident is the unexpectedly growing loss of brain functions because of disturbance in the blood supply to the brain, caused by a blocked or burst blood vessel. In emergency conditions neurological damage get worsened which may results in bleeding (haemorrhagic strokes) and death. The strokes like ischemic stroke, thrombotic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage are the various types of neuro strokes.

Symptoms includes sudden onset of numbness, weakness, confusion, difficulty speaking, vision loss, dizziness, imbalance and severe headache. It can be prevented by monitoring diet, regulating blood pressure and diabetes levels, physical work out and quitting smoking.

The importance of palliative care extends far past end-of-lifestyles treatment for most cancers sufferers, There are some of crucial regions for palliative care exactly in neurology and a regularly developing call for it now not least because of ever higher lifestyles expectancy charges worldwide.

Example of patients with glioblastoma with this progressive disorder, the need for palliative care constantly will increase. It’s far tough to mention for sure the factor in time at which palliative care need so be initiated, experience shows that factors of palliative medicinal drug are employed and primarily, organized early on in the path of the disorder, even at some point of oncological treatment.

Dementia is a chronic condition of the mental health caused by brain disease or injury marked by memory inabilities, personality impairments, and impaired reasoning. Dementia care practice is a process optimizing patient’s quality of life, functional independence, health, and wellbeing. Accompanying and assisting loved ones and care partners, creating such experiences is vital for promoting the well-being of all events affected by today’s dementia care climate, from those residing with the disorder to their care companions and healthcare providers, all of whom may additionally struggle physically, emotionally, and financially from their diverse relationships to the sickness.